The grammar-translation method stresses on the ability to read and translate the target language into one’s own language. This method is particularly suited to teaching languages which have no significant similarities to the students’ native languages, such as Latin. It is also used in teaching some modern languages.
This method is characterized by using the foreign language as a medium of instruction, translation and memorization of grammatical rules, and learning large amounts of vocabulary. The grammar-translation method was popular in European classrooms before World War II, but has since fallen out of favor in most modern classrooms.
One of the most common criticisms of this method is that it does not teach students how to communicate in the target language.
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The Grammar-Translation Method
The Grammar-Translation Method, which evolved from the Classical Method that was used from the 15th century in the teaching of Latin and Greek (both of which are long-since dead languages), places little or no emphasis on actually speaking or communicating in the target language.
Classwork is highly structured, with the teacher controlling all activities. The method focuses on the literature and grammar of the target language, with passages being translated into and from the mother tongue. Consequently it tends to be very much text-based. Typically, the teacher gives instructions and grammatical explanations in the mother tongue. Little or no attempt is made to teach pronunciation.
GTM was formalized in Germany in the late-18th century and has been widely used ever since. It’s still prevalent at university level but increasingly rare at school level.
The name “Grammar-Translation” for this method was actually conceived by its detractors who focused on these two more negatively perceived aspects at the expense of its more positive traits
Typical features of a GTM lesson:
- mother tongue
- teacher-centred
- vocabulary taught through wordlists and translation
- reading of literary passages even at low levels, with reading comprehension questions
- practice based on translation of texts to and from MT
- elaborate presentation of grammar rules
- memorization of grammar rules and vocabulary
- vocabulary exercises include antonyms and synonyms, definitions etc based on words in reading texts
- composition exercises based on topics from reading texts
Grammar Translation Method
With the direct method, there is little to no use of the target language’s native tongue. This means that if you are learning French, for example, the teacher would only speak to you in French and would not allow the use of any other language in the classroom. There may be a focus on visuals such as flashcards and pictures to help you learn vocabulary and grammar, but generally speaking this method focuses on speaking and listening skills while reading and writing are secondary.
The direct method was popularized in Germany around 1900. It was first used with children who were learning how to speak their native tongue, but it was later applied to foreign language instruction too. The direct method has been criticized for its lack of attention given to reading and writing skills but proponents argue that learning how to speak a language should come before learning how to read or write it because these skills are easier when they’re acquired after you’ve learned vocabulary through conversation and speech patterns through listening comprehension exercises.
The direct method is one of three teaching methods that were developed in the early 20th century. It emphasizes speaking and listening comprehension over reading or writing skills because these are considered more basic than those other two abilities; proponents argue that this makes sense since children learn their native tongues primarily through oral communication before they’re
This teaching method is still common in many countries and institutions around the world, and still appeals to those interested in languages from an intellectual or linguistic perspective. However, it does little to improve your ability to use the language for oral communication.