collageNeuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, refers to the brain’s ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections in response to learning, experience, or injury. This course on neuroplasticity dives deep into how the brain can compensate for injury and disease, allowing individuals to take control of their brain’s wiring process and overcome obstacles that may inhibit optimal brain function.
In order to enroll in the neuroplasticity of the brain course, students are typically required to have a background in neuroscience, psychology, or a related field. Additionally, a solid understanding of basic neuroanatomy and neurophysiology is often necessary to fully comprehend the complex concepts discussed in the course. Proficiency in research methods and statistics may also be beneficial for success in the program.
Admission to the university offering the neuroplasticity of the brain course may require applicants to submit undergraduate transcripts, letters of recommendation, and a statement of purpose outlining their interest in the field of neuroscience. Some universities may also require standardized test scores, such as the GRE, as part of the application process. It is important for prospective students to carefully review the specific admission requirements and deadlines for the university in question to ensure a smooth application process.
List of Medical Degrees Abbreviations
Generally entry to undergraduate medical training is highly competitive. Courses around the world vary slightly in length and content.
Some are postgraduate courses that last an average of 4 years, whilst others are up to 6 years long but can be entered directly from school.
Below are some of the abbreviations given for the basic undergraduate medical degree awarded by universities around the world.
- Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (BM, BM BS, BMed, MB BS)
- Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae (BM BCh, MB BCh, MB BChir, MB ChB)
{Latin for the above!} - Candidatus Medicinae (Cand med)
- Doctor of Medicine (MD)
- Osteopathic Medical Degree (DO)
Degree abbreviations
| Degree | Abbreviation | Other abbreviations |
|---|---|---|
| Bachelor of Medical Sciences | BMedSci | BMedSc, BMSc, BSci(Med) |
| Bachelor of Medicine | BM | |
| Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery | BMBS | MBBS, MBChB, MBBCh, MBBChir(Cantab), BMBCh(Oxon), MB,BChir |
| Bachelor of Midwifery | BMid | BMidWif |
Typically training is divided into preclinical years when students undertake basic science subjects such as biochemistry, physiology, anatomy, pathology, pharmacology and embryology. Following this foundation, the clinical years follow.
These involve working in clinical practice as part of a team of doctors who guide and train the students in many different areas of medicine.
Typically students will have lectures, and then rotate through terms where they cover different aspects of medicine. These would include adult medicine, surgery, paediatrics, psychiatry and the many specialist branches of medicine and surgery that exist.
Having completed this basic medical training successfully candidates then spend one year in provisional practice being closely supervised by more senior doctors.
After this ‘intern‘ year they can apply for further postgraduate training to become a General Practitioner or specialist surgeon or physician.
Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery
Abbreviations: BM, BM BCh, BM BS, BMed, MB BCh, MB BChir, MB BS, MB ChB
In Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom, as well as Egypt, Hong Kong, India, Iraq, Jamaica, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nigeria, People’s Republic of China, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka and Sudan the Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, are the degrees awarded after a course of undergraduate study in medicine and surgery.
People with these degrees and practicing medicine are usually referred to as “Doctor” and use the prefix “Dr”.
Doctor of Medicine and Osteopathic Medical Degree
Abbreviations: MD and DO
In North America the equivalent undergraduate medical degree is called the degree of Doctor of Medicine (MD). In addition the osteopathic medical degree (DO) has the same requirements and practice rights as the MD degree.
Candidatus medicinae
Abbreviation: Cand med
The Scandinavian Candidatus medicinae or Candidata medicinae degrees are equivalent to the North American MD degree.
medical abbreviation for degree of temperature
BBT
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Acronyms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
temperature [tem´per-ah-chur]
the degree of sensible heat or cold, expressed in terms of a specific scale. See Table of Temperature Equivalents in the Appendices. Body temperature is measured by a clinical thermometer and represents a balance between the heat produced by the body and the heat it loses. Though heat production and heat loss vary with circumstances, the body regulates them, keeping a remarkably constant temperature. An abnormal rise in body temperature is called fever.
Normal Body Temperature. Body temperature is usually measured by a thermometer placed in the mouth, the rectum, or the auditory canal (for tympanic membrane temperature). The normal oral temperature is 37° Celsius (98.6° Fahrenheit); rectally, it is 37.3° Celsius (99.2° Fahrenheit). The tympanic membrane temperature is a direct reflection of the body’s core temperature. These values are based on a statistical average. Normal temperature varies somewhat from person to person and at different times in each person. It is usually slightly higher in the evening than in the morning and is also somewhat higher during and immediately after eating, exercise, or emotional excitement. Temperature in infants and young children tends to vary somewhat more than in adults.
Temperature Regulation. To maintain a constant temperature, the body must be able to respond to changes in the temperature of its surroundings. When the outside temperature drops, nerve endings near the skin surface sense the change and communicate it to the hypothalamus. Certain cells of the hypothalamus then signal for an increase in the body’s heat production. This heat is conducted to the blood and distributed throughout the body. At the same time, the body acts to conserve its heat. The arterioles constrict so that less blood will flow near the body’s surface. The skin becomes pale and cold. Sometimes it takes on a bluish color, the result of a color change in the blood, which occurs when the blood, flowing slowly, gives off more of its oxygen than usual. Another signal from the brain stimulates muscular activity, which releases heat. Shivering is a form of this activity—a muscular reflex that produces heat.
When the outside temperature goes up, the body’s cooling system is ordered into action. Sweat is released from sweat glands beneath the skin, and as it evaporates, the skin is cooled. Heat is also eliminated by the evaporation of moisture in the lungs. This process is accelerated by panting.
An important regulator of body heat is the peripheral capillary system. The vessels of this system form a network just under the skin. When these vessels dilate, they allow more warm blood from the interior of the body to flow through them, where it is cooled by the surrounding air.
Abnormal Body Temperature. Abnormal temperatures occur when the body’s temperature-regulating system is upset by disease or other physical disturbances. fever usually accompanies infection and other disease processes. In most cases when the oral temperature is 37.8°C (100°F) or over, fever is present. Temperatures of 40°C (104°F) or over are common in serious illnesses, although occasionally very high fever accompanies an illness that causes little concern. Temperatures as high as 41.7°C (107°F) or higher sometimes accompany diseases in critical stages. Subnormal temperatures, below 35.6°C (96°F) occur in cases of collapse; see also symptomatic hypothermia.
absolute temperature (T) that reckoned from absolute zero (−273.15°C), expressed on an absolute scale.
basal body temperature (BBT) the temperature of the body under conditions of absolute rest; it has a slight sustained rise during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and can be used as an indirect indicator of when ovulation has occurred.
body temperature the temperature of the body of a human or animal; see temperature.
core temperature the temperature of structures deep within the body, as opposed to peripheral temperature such as that of the skin.
critical temperature that below which a gas may be converted to a liquid by increased pressure.
normal temperature the body temperature usually registered by a healthy person, averaging 37°C (98.6°F).
risk for imbalanced body temperature a nursing diagnosis accepted by the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, defined as a state in which an individual is at risk of failure to maintain body temperature within the normal range.
doctors qualifications list
Working as a Doctor is one of the most rewarding yet challenging careers you can have. From diagnosing mild ailments to creating treatment plans for chronic illnesses and life-changing diseases, doctors’ shoulder considerable responsibility.
The role of a Doctor is to work on the frontline, tending to people’s immediate medical needs. As such, they are the cornerstone of healthcare systems everywhere. Doctors not only work to improve lives through medical intervention, but they help save them too.
As such, doctors are always in demand, and with the world’s population predicted to reach 8.5 billion people by 2030, the need for skilled medical professionals to take on Doctor jobs will continue to increase.
So, if you’ve always wanted to become a Doctor, now’s the perfect time to start your training. Find out how to become a Doctor below.
Qualifying as a Doctor
Becoming a Doctor isn’t just a career move, medicine is something that you devote your life to studying and practising.
After all, part of the roles and responsibilities of a Doctor is making decisions that directly impact patients’ lives. It’s therefore essential that you understand the intricacies of the human body and have undergone the highest level of training. As such, a career in medicine is academically rigorous.
To practise as a Doctor, you need to have a bachelor’s degree in medicine (MBBS) or surgery (BMBS) that has been recognised by the General Medical Council (GMC). However, this is just the beginning of working towards your Doctor career.
Once you graduate from your Doctor degree, you will need to complete several years’ worth of postgraduate study, where you’ll specialise in a specific area of medicine.
You will also need to pass a Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS) Check to certify that you’re safe to work with members of the public.
To commence your Doctor training at medical school, you will need to have a minimum of 3 A grade A Levels, including Physics and Biology. You will also need at least 5 GCSEs at grade 7-9/A-A*, including English and Maths.
As medicine is highly competitive, standout grades aren’t all that matter for Doctor degrees. Universities also look for applicants with relevant work experience and demonstrable enthusiasm for healthcare and medicine courses.
This proves your dedication to the pursuit of a medical career, and Doctor jobs, which is vital if you are to complete your years of training and succeed as a qualified Doctor.
Once you have graduated, you will be ready for the next phase of your training on how to become a Doctor: postgraduate study. This encompasses 3 strains of training:
- Foundation training
- Core medical training
- Speciality training
Foundation Doctor training offers you the chance to put your graduate knowledge into practice in a variety of placements. This is where you will earn your status as a junior Doctor.
Once you have completed this, you will undergo core medical training. This is the first stage of your speciality Doctor training and dictates where your medical career will take you.
At this point, you will decide whether you want to practise in primary care as a GP or in secondary care, where you could work as a Hospital Doctor or specialist. Which path you decide to take will determine your next steps and the area of medicine you will work in as a qualified Doctor.
Speciality training marks the third and final stage in your postgraduate Doctor training. During this phase, you will hone your knowledge and skills in a specific area of medicine – such as General Practice (GP) or emergency medicine – and develop your expertise as a medical professional.
Once you have completed these training stages, you will be able to practise as a fully qualified Doctor, without the supervision of a senior Doctor or Consultant.
Becoming a Doctor Without A Levels
If you haven’t got an A* academic record, it may seem that a career in medicine is off limits. However, thanks to the Access to medicine course, this isn’t the case.
Developed as an alternative to A Levels, the Access to Higher Education Diploma offers an established route into higher education for individuals without traditional qualifications.
As a Level 3 qualification, the Access to HE Diploma is equivalent to A Levels and is therefore accepted by many universities across the UK. Every university sets its own entry requirements though, so it’s important to check these before you apply.
With an Access to medicine course, it is possible to become a Doctor without A Levels. This Access to HE Diploma, therefore, gives people who missed out on their A Levels or studied the wrong subjects at college, a chance to pursue a career in medicine.
You can enrol on your Access to medicine course without prior qualifications, however, you will need GCSEs in English and Maths at grade 4/C or above or Level 2 Functional Skills Maths and English qualifications by the time you apply to university.
This is because most universities ask for these qualifications and grades as part of their entry requirements. However, due to the demands of medical training, it is recommended that you hold at least 5 A* – A GCSEs to better your chances of securing a place at medical school.
What Does the Diploma Involve?
Although any Access to Higher Education Diploma pathway can make you eligible for university, the Access to Higher Education Diploma (Medicine and Health Care Professions) has been specifically designed with your future in medicine in mind.
On the Access to medicine programme, you will study everything you need in preparation for your future medical degree.
You will develop medical-specific knowledge through theory-based Science modules on:
- Human immunity
- Medical physics
- Cell biology
- Cell division and heredity
- The human endocrine and nervous system
Alongside your Science-based studies, you will hone your academic writing and research skills, so you’re prepared for undergraduate study.
Your Access to medicine course will provide you with the foundation you need to study a medical or healthcare-related degree with confidence, no matter how long you’ve been out of education.
How Long Will It Take to Qualify?
There is no fast-track way to become a Doctor. On average, medical degrees take 5 years to complete, with postgraduate Doctor training taking anywhere between 5 to 10 years to complete depending on your specialism.
Therefore, you should expect it to take at least 10 years for you to become a fully qualified Doctor. If you need to study an Access to medicine course before your degree, it will take you a little longer to qualify. Most Access to HE Diploma students achieve their qualification in 9–12 months; however, following this route can add up to 2 years to your training.
This could bring the total maximum time that it takes to become a qualified Doctor to 12 years. You may think that after so many years of training, you’ll be all set as a Doctor, but your studies never really come to an end.
The world of medicine is constantly changing. There will always be new technologies developed and research that provide fresh insights into specific conditions.
For this reason, you will need to continue your professional development throughout your Doctor career, even if you’re an established GP or Consultant, to ensure that your knowledge is up to date.
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